Penile Cancer - Summary, Symptoms & Treatments

What is penile cancer?

Penile cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs on the skin or within the tissues of the penis. It most commonly affects the skin of the foreskin (in uncircumcised men) or the glans (the head of the penis), but it can also develop in other areas of the penis. The most common type of penile cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which starts in the flat skin cells and can spread deeper into the tissues.
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What are the signs and symptoms of penile cancer?

Not all males will have symptoms of penile cancer, even once the cancer has spread. Common signs and symptoms of penile cancer can include:

• Skin changes: The most common early sign of penile cancer is a change in the skin of the penis. This can appear as a lump, ulcer or sore that doesn’t heal. It may be painless initially.
• Growths or lesions: These can be flat, wart-like or have a crusty appearance. They may also be reddish or bluish-brown.
• Foul-smelling discharge: An unusual discharge with an unpleasant odor may come from under the foreskin.
• Bleeding: There may be bleeding from the penis or from the growth or sore.
• Color changes: The color of the skin on the penis may change.
• Pain may be experienced in the penis or during urination.
• Swelling in the lymph nodes in the groin area.

If you notice any of these symptoms, is important to see a healthcare provider for evaluation and diagnosis. Early detection and treatment are crucial for the best outcomes.
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How is penile cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosing penile cancer begins with a physical examination so that your doctor can evaluate the symptoms you are experiencing. Your doctor will examine the penis, including the foreskin, glans and shaft, to look and feel for bumps, sores, changes in skin color or other abnormalities.

Imaging scans, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and others may be necessary to make a definitive diagnosis. A biopsy to remove abnormal tissue or sample cells or suspicious areas can confirm the presence of cancer cells and to determine the type and grade of the cancer. Early detection and diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment of penile cancer.
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What causes penile cancer?

Penile cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the skin or tissues of the penis begin to grow uncontrollably. It is more common in older men, with the highest rates occurring in men over age 60. While the exact cause is not known, several risk factors can increase the risk of developing penile cancer:

• HPV infection, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Poor hygiene
• Phimosis, a condition in which the foreskin of the penis is tight and cannot be pulled back
• Men who are uncircumcised have a higher risk compared to those who are circumcised, although the overall risk remains low.

It’s important to note that while these factors can increase the risk, not everyone with these risk factors will develop penile cancer. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes for individuals with penile cancer. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help detect any potential issues early.
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Is penile cancer genetic?

Penile cancer is not primarily caused by genetics, but certain genetic factors may play a role in increasing the risk. Most cases of penile cancer are linked to infections, particularly with the human papillomavirus (HPV). However, having a family history of penile cancer or certain genetic conditions may increase the risk. Overall, environmental influences, lifestyle and other non-genetic factors also play a role in the development of penile cancer. It is best to talk with your doctor regarding any genetic predisposition to this or other forms of cancer.
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Is penile cancer curable?

Penile cancer can be curable, especially if it is diagnosed early and treated appropriately.
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How is penile cancer treated?

Each patient and each cancer is unique. At FCS, physicians develop a personalized treatment plan in partnership with patients. Treatment options depend on a number of factors, including the specific type and stage of cancer, possible side effects, and the patient’s overall health and personal preference. Surgery is often the main treatment for penile cancer. The type of surgery depends on the size and location of the cancer. Other treatments can include radiation therapy and chemotherapy to shrink or kill tumors. Immunotherapies that tap the body’s immune system to find and destroy cancer cells is a potential treatment option for penile cancer, especially at later stages of disease.
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What are common risk factors for penile cancer?

Penile cancer can occur at any age, but it is rare in men under age 45. About 80% of cases are diagnosed in men over age 55. Several risk factors can increase the risk of developing penile cancer:

• HPV infection, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Poor hygiene
• Phimosis, a condition in which the foreskin of the penis is tight and cannot be pulled back
• Men who are uncircumcised have a higher risk compared to those who are circumcised, although the overall risk remains low.

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Are there screening tests for penile cancer?

There is no standard or routine screening test for penile cancer. However, self-examination and awareness are crucial for early detection. It you have concerns or are experiencing symptoms, it is best to talk with your healthcare provider. Prompt medical attention can lead to early detection and treatment, significantly increasing the chances of a cure.
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What does penile cancer look like?

Penile cancer typically appears as a change in the skin of the penis. Early signs may include a growth or sore on the penis that doesn’t heal within four weeks, changes in skin color, thickening of the skin or a rash.  As the cancer progresses, you may notice a lump on the penis, foul-smelling discharge, bleeding from the penis or persistent itching or pain. If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to see a healthcare provider promptly for an evaluation.
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