Are Alternative Therapies Effective for Primary Cancer Treatment?
How does cancer start?
There are several leading theories that explain different ways that cancer may develop. Among them are the Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT), Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT) and Mitochondrial-Stem Cell Connection (MSCC) theory. In this article we will explore each of these theories and learn whether certain alternative therapies are effective for primary cancer treatment.
Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT)
Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT) suggests that cancer arises from a buildup of changes in a single cell, caused by such factors as genetics, aging or exposure to harmful chemicals.
Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT)
The Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT) suggests that cancer is driven by disruptions in tissue interactions—meaning that different parts of the body that normally work together aren’t communicating or functioning properly.
Many standard cancer treatments are based on the SMT and target the DNA of cancer cells. For example, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapies aim to destroy or slow the growth of cancer cells.
Mitochondrial-Stem Cell Connection (MSCC) theory
The Mitochondrial-Stem Cell Connection (MSCC) theory was introduced in a study published in 2024. This new theory suggests that problems with energy production in stem cells might cause them to turn into cancer stem cells, which can then lead to tumor growth. MSCC treatments aim to cut off energy sources that fuel cancer growth using a combination of high-dose vitamins, off-label medications (not approved for use to treat human cancers) and lifestyle changes.
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Are Alternative Therapies Effective?
While these treatments may have positive impacts in certain settings, it is still unproven whether they are effective for most patients with cancer.
While some have been evaluated, large-scale studies in humans are lacking and currently none of the following have been proven to be effective, especially as a primary cancer treatment:
- High-dose Vitamin C has been studied for decades, but not shown to be effective in treating cancer.
- Ivermectin tablets are approved by the FDA to treat certain conditions caused by parasitic worms and some topical forms are approved to treat head lice and other skin conditions. Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials show limited or no antitumor activity in humans with advanced cancer.
- Mebendazole is an oral medication used to treat parasitic worm infections, such as pinworm or roundworm. It works by stopping the worms from absorbing sugar (glucose), which they need to survive, eventually killing them. Researchers are exploring whether it may help slow the growth of certain cancer cells, however, a recent Phase 2 clinical trial showed no anticancer activity in treating gastrointestinal cancers.
- Vitamin D and other vitamins and minerals may be combined with traditional cancer treatments after all drugs have been reviewed for possible interactions.
Potential Side Effects and Risks
In addition to the lack of data supporting the effectiveness of these treatments, there are potential side effects and risks:
- High-dose vitamin C given intravenously can potentially cause kidney stones or heart problems and can sometimes promote cancer growth.
- Too much Vitamin D may be dangerous and overdose can lead to calcium buildup and kidney failure.
- Ivermectin in high doses can cause neurological side effects.
- Mebendazole can cause liver damage or low white blood cell counts, making infections worse.
Depending on the cancer diagnosis and genetic testing, treatment selection will vary.
Currently-approved treatments have been tested in robust clinical studies and shown to be effective.
Recommendations That Can Enhance Wellbeing
The following are general recommendations that can enhance wellbeing and help to minimize side effects for patients during cancer treatment:
- Maintain a healthy, balanced diet focusing on whole foods and limit intake of highly processed products or foods high in sugar.
- Regular exercise, including walking, yoga and Pilates, can help increase activity.
- Various vitamin, mineral or herbal supplements may be complementary. Daily doses should remain within the recommended dietary allowances. Inform your health care providers of any new vitamins, supplements, or alternative treatment before starting treatment to accurately investigate any possible interactions.
- Aromatherapy with essential oils, meditation or other alternative practices may be beneficial.
It is important to review all the facts and talk with your health care team to determine if an alternative treatment is right for you. False hope in a treatment that has not been shown to be safe and effective can potentially delay the start of a therapy proven to be effective—leading to poor outcomes.
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